The Video Game Systems And The Internet - 1158 Words

Pinball is a game many remember fondly, though few venture to play. Initially, pinball was replaced by video games such as Pong, Space Invaders, and Pac Man; eventually even they would be forgotten in favor of home video game systems and the internet. However, prior to its disappearance, pinball had a lifespan of approximately 70 years, during which it endured a 34 year ban in many places; having been convicted of being immoral games of chance (Porges, n.d.). Hollywood used it to represent rebels, songs were sung about it, and perhaps, the taboo created made it that much more fascinating to play. Pinball is a coin or token operated, inclined, self standing game which utilizes a plunger, flippers, one to five metal balls, and various obstacles and targets. The object of the game is to use the plunger to shoot a ball into the playing field where there is an assortment of targets. Utilizing flippers, found at the bottom and sides of the field, one maneuvers the ball through random obstacles to yield the most points possible while attempting not to lose the ball. Initially, the original pinball machine, which made its debut in 1931, lacked flippers and legs and was played as a counter top game (Bellis, n.d.). Legs were added soon after debut; however flippers would not make an appearance until 1947, a full ten-years after the bumper (Bellis, n.d.). Due to the lack of flippers, gamers often shook and lifted the game in order to get the ball to go where they wanted it toShow MoreRelatedKey Changes in the Video Game Industry Essays1659 Words   |  7 PagesKey Changes in the Video Game Industry The first wave of home video games was launched nearly 30 years ago. By the early 1980s, this electronic entertainment medium had emerged as a cultural phenomenon, thanks to classics such as Asteroids, Centipede, Donkey Kong, and Pac-Man. The world of video games has, of course, changed drastically since then. For starters, Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony are now the key players in the console industry, having replaced Atari, ColecoRead MoreThe Effect of Online Games on the Filipino Youth1653 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the study The youth of today no longer seem to spend their leisure activities like in the olden days; outdoor games or playing with toys, instead, they spend their free time in their homes, internet cafà ©s or computer shops simply to satisfy their hunger; and that hunger is Online Gaming. Online gaming has such a profound impact on not only the young, but dynamically every age group as well. So far, virtually anyone is able to go on a computer and punch throughRead MoreThe Video Game Market Analysis1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe Xbox One is the most advanced entertainment and video game platform in history. 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A fun night out now consists of purely technological components: you begin movie night with an online

The Effects Of Advertising On A Good And A Bad Way Essay

There are various ways in which an organisation can promote its product. Some of them include: personal selling, publicity, advertising and sales promotion. Advertising is one of the most popular methods of product promotion. It is a non-personal communication to current and prospective customers to inform, persuade or convince them to purchase a product. â€Å"It has been favoured by most producers due to its low cost per contact and its ability to influence customers and increase market share† (Marks and Kamins 267). Many organisations have benefited to a great extent in building a brand using advertising. Critics have also pointed out the evils of advertising and have argued that it has more negative effects than its advantages. This essay will discuss and analyse how advertisement affects people in a good and a bad way. â€Å"Advertising has its benefits to the society. In the current era, it has served a major role mostly as a way of educating the public† (Egendorf 324). There are other advantages that accrue to the society when organisations undertake advertising. Some of the benefits of advertising are as discussed. First, advertising is a source of information. Consumers require different goods and services in order to satisfy their needs. To obtain these products, they need information on the right quality, quantity, source and location of the products that they require. â€Å"One of the major roles of advertising in modern society has been to inform the consumer about anShow MoreRelatedEffect Of Advertising On Society Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesTalking about advertising, on the one hand, it is good for its functions, displays, etc.; on the other hand, sometimes it is too good to be true, the way they bring the messages to the consumers which state â€Å"the number one †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . What truly are the miscommunications and how do the viewers react to different types of stimulation among those, are there negative or positive results? 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The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers, however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it is bad for you and it appeals to their â€Å"bad boy/girl† ideal. Many might argue that forbidding a company from advertising its product is against freedom of speech. This essay will show that the harmful effects of cigarettes will justify dramatic means to prevent people, especially

Walter Rostow’s Linear Development Theory free essay sample

Outline the stages of Walter Rostow’s Linear development theory and discuss the theory’s applicability to the developing world. Introduction: The question of why and how the developing world has since been developing at a relatively low pace has since been interpreted by various perspectives most of which are Euro-centric and highly debatable. A number of theories have since been formulated to explain why the developing countries are lagging behind in terms of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) are low. Some theorists such as Todaro and Smith (2009) went the extent of trying to understand why there is always a glaring gap of development between the developed countries and the developing world by formulating the wheels of a cycle thesis. Rostow proposed a clear five stage theory which he believed that for each country to develop it has to pass through sequentially. To Rostow, each stage in economic growth is unique and easily identifiable. He believed that the initial stage is the traditional stage, followed by the Pre-conditions for Take-off stage, then the Take-off stage, Drive to Maturity Stage and finally the High Mass Consumption stage. Though giving a brief explanation in the academia, Rostow failed to highlight the essential pre-conditions of the take-off stage. Moreover, Rostow’s theory does not realize how networked the modern world is, he assumes that for a country to develop it starts from scratch till it develops, not knowing that in some instances it is the developed world that invest in the developing world for the later to develop. This essay shall discuss the applicability of the economic growth model of Walter. W. Rostow (1916-2003) to developing countries. Definitions of terms: Theory: According to Gutsa I, Mutswanga P,and Shumba B, (2010), A theory is an organization of generally accepted interdependent facts, concepts and principles of a phenomenon concerned with explaining what happens and the way it happens and what influence underlies the whole phenomenon. Developing World: These are countries not industrialized and their economies run on the exploitation of their primary resources. Clerk (1995), refers developing world as those countries in process of changing and enabling people to take charge of their own destinies and realize their full potential. Economic Growth: According to Todaro and Smith (2009), economic growth is the expansion of resources available in a society in a way that gives the available people an opportunity to make choices that better their lives. To Gylfason (2000) economic growth is a systematic increase in the available market opportunities and choices. Both definitions give a general impression that economic growth is a development of a society from a state of resource and opportunity scarcity to a state of abundance in which at least everyone in the society should be able to get whatever the goods or services he or she wishes. This essay shall look into Rostow’s growth model and test its applicability and flaws. Walt Rostow’s Linear Development Theory: Traditional society stage: Rostow’s Economic Growth model (1960) holds that all developed countries starts at the lowest level of development termed the Traditional Society Stage (Todaro and Smith, 2009). Rostow believed that all countries in this stage of economic growth exercise primitive production methods which do not require any skill of any rational level. During this stage, the society hinges its life on subsistence activities which yield meager enough for the family. He believed that a society of this stage usually survive on labour intensive agriculture, barter trade, hunting and gathering, and money do not exist in their midst. Personal resources and community resources are allocated by traditional means and methods involving cultural ceremonies, ritualization and involving no legal structures such as deeds. For instance land and property are inherited in ritual ceremonies in which almost every member of the family or the immediate community are invited to witness. Pre-conditions for Take Off: Rostow believed that a progressive community graduates to Transitional Stage; a stage which is less primitive than the previous stage. According to Desai and Potter (2008), it is in this stage that members of the community realize that they really need to expand their productivity far beyond their family consumption and used to reach levels that can feed the whole community. However efforts to increase outputs are choked by the lack of adequate resources and knowhow. The need for resources and knowhow then creates the necessity for specialization and competition among various families. Outwitted families start to constitute the largest portion of the market for those who emerge effective to produce than what their families can consume. Labour, capital, and special services such as transport and communication services demand starts to rise. To Rostow, this is the pre-conditions for economic growth. As incomes, savings and investment grow entrepreneurs emerge and external trade concentrating on primary goods starts to flourish. Take Off: Beardshaw (1995), states that successful stage two of Rostow’s model results in the Take-off stage in which industrialization increases, with workers switching from the agricultural sector where much labour was invested to manufacturing sector where technology and mechanization takes over workforce. Rostow however realized that such growth does not occur equitably. Only a few regions of the country develop industries and other organizations which might employ a certain number of workers especially those from the rural areas. This probably explains the emergence of town and cities in Rostow’s view. Rostow further noted that such growth then warrants policy for organizing and directing development to appropriate areas in a sustainable manner. Drive to Maturity: Todaro and Smith (2009) write, after the Take-off stage comes the Drive to Maturity Stage in which the economy starts to diversify into new areas through technological innovation and need assessment. The economy starts to produce wider range of goods and services. Import fall back as the economy manages to produce sufficient goods and services for the internal and external markets. High Mass Consumption: According to Rostow, the last stage of economic growth is the High Mass Consumption stage in which the economy produces surpluses for its internal and external markets. All forms of industries start to flourish. Consumer durable industries and services sector dominate the market. The above model idealistically outline how communities may transcend from primitive stages to the stage they can produce goods and services enough for their populations (Chystal, 2004). However the model has got a number of flaws related to issues of real life applicability. The model is blindfolded in that, it is serialized yet economies sometimes progress and sometimes regress depending on various manmade and natural variables. In the context of the developing world, economists and developmentalists cannot rely upon this model only unless they are much interested in giving sketchy history of how economies can evolve. Rostow’s model skirted away the importance of the developed world to the development of the developing world. Most of the developing countries are immensely developing due to increased investments by foreign expropriators from the developed world. It is this explanation that accounts for the development of South Africa, Tunisia and Egypt among many other developing countries. In fact one would even want to believe that the listed countries did not clearly transcend through the five stages as proposed by Rostow in his 1960 work. Some developing countries manage to expand their economies through developing effective and networked bilateral and multilateral relations with other countries unlike the proposed course of Rostow. This has saved countries in the Soviet Union, and the Shingling Union. That is why there are regional and international bodies such as the Southern African Development Committee (SADC), European Union (EU) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) among others. Rostow’s model does not explain the pre-conditions for take-off in a way that can help developing countries to develop their economies. The model just explain the stage as highly visible and overlook the exact conditions that can make an economy boost. Moreover the model highly believes that the five stages appear in visible and separable phases, which is a fallacy. The stages do not appear distinctively as he proposed. For instance, subsistence farming is still being done in almost every developing country even though most of their economies can manufacture goods and commodities. The produces from subsistence farming are now being used to supplement manufactured goods. Services industries have always been there since time immemorial even though they were small scale industries. In the history of many African societies, one may also realize that political and social institutions started sanctioning trade since pre-colonial era (a time equivalent to the traditional stage of Rostow). For instance the Asante people of Western Africa had their unique way of regulating external salt trade even though they had no large scale industries as Rostow thought. Therefore the model cannot be depended on by economic planners in the developing world. Furthermore, Rostow’s model does not explain how the developing world can rebuild their regressive economies. The model assumes that economies keep on developing to the stage whereby they can produce goods and services for high mass consumption. Yet in reality and in the context of many developing countries such as Zimbabwe, economies may enter phases of low output with industries and investors closing down. Rostow did not put this in his work and it becomes a limitation in that most of the developing countries might find the model not adequately addressing their problem of falling economies. This is a clear indication that Rostow’s economic growth model does not apply more easily to developing countries. Rostow’s model has been designed in a way which assumes that all developing countries will develop themselves from subsistence agriculture. It seems as if Rostow overlooked other countries that lie in arid regions such as Botswana and Democratic Republic of Congo. He could not realize that outside the agricultural sector there are also useful economic activities such as mining which can also develop such countries. Rostow overemphasized the need for saving the proceeds of subsistence agriculture for the economy to invest in other sectors such as transport and communication services. All this sounds less informed in that other developing countries especially those at coast, Tanzania-Zanzibar and the traditional Igbo and Yoruba of Nigeria included, developed their economies from transport and communication services linking foreign investors to other African countries. It can therefore follow that using the model as a basis of action for the developing countries can be misleading and never fruitful. Nevertheless, Rostow’s model cannot be totally discredited in that it provides a useful framework for explaining economic history for most of the developing countries. The model partially applies to the pre-colonial era of most developing countries such as Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania among many others. These countries pre-colonial era exemplifies the Traditional Stage of Rostow’s model in that they practiced subsistence agriculture in which they used substandard tools which were labour intensive. Such countries practiced barter trade and they did not use monetary resources as the medium of their trade. Much of the economic activities that were carried out in these countries were primarily meant for feeding the family. Conclusion: In a nutshell Walter Rostow (1916-2003) contributed immensely to the discourse of economic history by giving the five stages that he believed each country has to pass through if it is to develop. To him, the process to development starts with the primitive stage called Traditional Society stage, then to Transitional stage, Take-off, Drive to Maturity stage and then the final stage is the High Mass Consumption stage. Little did Rostow knew that economies do not develop in series as he thought. Rostow’s model has got a number of flaws which makes it inapplicable to the developing world. Economies may progress and sometimes fall due to various factors rather than developing in a smooth manner as prescribed by Rostow. His model does not acknowledge that non-agricultural economies can evolve into high mass consumption. Nonetheless, his model is useful as a framework for economic history even though it cannot help in developing effective economic policies. REFERENCE: Beardshaw, J. (1995); Economics; 2nd edition McGraw-Hill; New York. Clerk, J. 1995) Democratising Development: The Role of Voluntary Organisation, London, Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chrystal . M. (2004) Economics; 10th edition Oxford University Press; New York. Desai W and Potter R, S. (2008) The Companion to Development Studies, 2nd edition, Hodder Education ltd UK. Gutsa I, Mutswanga P and Shumba B, (2010) Perspectives in Development Studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Harare GylfasonT. (2000) Principles o f Economics Growth; Oxford University Press; Oxford. Todaro M and Smith S, C. (2009): Economic Development; 10th Edition, Pearson Education limited.

Social Media Narrative Essay Essay Example

Social Media Narrative Essay Essay These are not simply cellular telephones, the open medium through SMS, ms or sound/feature calls and visits, that have gotten to be perpetual yet stylish hand-adornment; actually, messages and interpersonal organizations, the most regularly and too much utilized online medium of resplendence, have been profoundly established in our lives nowadays. The majority of the analysts inferred that: pretty much 60% of all web clients additionally impart through informal communities and more than 85 % of all youngsters have accounts on interpersonal organizations. The vast majority of the specialists have announced online networking as a habit. Various specialists have obviously observed that the impact of social networking destinations can be addictive to the point that our young era just wants to invest a large portion of their time in visiting, offering their premiums and overhauling their late happenings. To put it plainly, as indicated by this group of specialists, social networking systems administration makes individuals live their connections essentially as opposed to really. Yes, online networking has some exceptionally evident negative effects, however it is additionally obvious that it is social networking stage that has compressed all correspondence hindrances by all methods. Yes, social networking has damaged the traditions of social cooperation where feelings, consideration and sentiments were path more than emoticons, loving or emulating patterns and announcement; forever it has opened up better approaches for promoting and commercial that has brought about enormous financial support everywhere throughout the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media Narrative Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media Narrative Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media Narrative Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Regardless of the way that social networking has some negative perspectives, its sure sides are so gainful, from business and monetary perspective, that the negative ones can be ignored. Social networking is presently being considered as the best marking apparatus for upgrading brand mindfulness inside target markets. Insights demonstrate a fast development of Internet clients everywhere throughout the world. More linens invest time on the Internet and in the most recent ten years, 2000-2010, the world has seen a development of up to 450 percent in Internet clients. Backbone has now more than 500 million dynamic clients over the world. Twitter has more than 200 million enrolled clients and Youth has 18 million one of a kind guests consistently and 2 billion feature cuts are seen consistently. Annotated Bibliography Baker, J. (2012). How Students Benefit From using Social Media. Retrieved April 12, 201 3, from http://demonic. Com/201 3/02/how-students-benefit-from-SSI nag- social-media/ This article tosses the light on the significance of social networking or informal communication with the profits to understudy perspective. As per author, understudies win numerous profits from the utilization of online networking as they pick up learning; associate with their companions, offering of their individual pictures and features et cetera. However as per author, the best advantage of online networking for understudies is that picking up of information and offering of scholarly data which are advantageous for them in setting up their assignments. By utilizing the social networking they add to their capacity of evaluating, breaking down, holding and imparting of data which Was not however much as could reasonably be expected without utilization of online networking in their lives. Further they take in the craft of correspondence through social networking. Burg, N. (2013). The Benefits Of Social Media Beyond Marketing. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http:// www. Forbes. Com/sites/capitulations ark/2013/04/01 lath e-benefits-of-social- media-beyond-marketing/ This article talks about the profits of social networking which are not unstrained to marketing as it has numerous different profits for the business or business groups for instance it is extremely strong for the human assets division of the association as the profile of competitors are the best resume at the time of enlistment for new representatives. It is extremely helping for businesspeople in boosting their business volumes as through the utilization of online networking the business power can see the pattern of individuals in the business so they will have the capacity to expand their business exercises in a specific district region or nation. The other and most essential for the associations other than simply advertising as indicated by author it is useful in inner correspondence as there is no requirement for the association to make a different interior correspondence framework in the association or among the diverse bureau of the association. Keywords: Social Media Benefits, Impacts of social media, social media influences marketing techniques Chandler, S. (2013). The Hidden Benefits of Social Media Marketing: Why Your Strategy May Be Working Better Than You Think. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://vow. Robes. Com/sites/work-in- progress/2013/03/12/the e-hidden-benefits-of-social-media-marketing-why- your-strategy-may-be-working-better-than-you-think/ This article is about the profits of social networking for the associations which disregarded or still covered up for a few organizations and as indicated by writer these profits can be benefited by the organizations in the event that they receive viable promoting techniques. The concealed profits of marketing in social average are brand distinguished, developing a group for the organization, rehash reservation of the items before targets gatherings of people, change of shopper consideration to the results of the organization by impacting the customer conduct, taking of game changer over contenders and it is a shabby medium for promoting and advertising of items to an extensive variety of clients. As indicated by author social networking is giving the most astounding degree of profitability to the organizations due to its shrouded profits for the organizations. Keywords: benefits of social media for organizations, social media in marketing, social media marketing techniques Jan. Is, T. (2012). Social Not-working: The Perils of Too Much Communication. Retrieved April 12, 201 3, from http://win. Opera. Com/relationships/Negative-Impact-of- Social-Networking-Websites-at-Work This article is about the negative effect of online networking in our lives. As per author, we have numerous companions on social networking sites yet all these are futile and less imperative for us as they couldnt care less about us when we are in inconveniences. So it can be said that we have numerous companions on these sites however surely we have no companions in necessities. Also further the author contends that as we dont have extra time for our companion and long range interpersonal communication encompassing us so we are losing our genuine companions in light of the fact that extreme utilization of social networking destinations. Toward the end the author proposes that we must focus on our genuine companions with whom we can impart our issues and discover arrangements from their recommendations on some tea or espresso. Keywords: social media communication hazards, social media as communication channel, social media usage at workplace Nelson, C. 2013). Negative effects Of social networking. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from HTTPS://research. Yoga. Co. UK/news/201 3/01 /04/negatives;social- networking-young-bruits/ The article composed by Nelson concentrates on the antagonistic effect of online nonworking sites on youthful and high school individuals who are casualty of utilizing these sites all the time. The author clarifies the actualities of negative effect of informal communication by depicting the raw numbers of an overview which was led in the United Kingdom. Author says that 34% of youngsters maturing from 15-25 are leaning wretchedness by survey something on an informal communication site. Further the author clarifies that 39% of young ladies maturing from 16-25 are feeling hopeless which is a direct consequence of review posts on social sites. The author additionally portrays the aftereffect of overview which was directed on the topic Of internet tormenting and through social sites and web buddies. Keywords: social media disadvantages, negative impacts of social media, communication problems in social media Managed, G. W. , Faults D. J. (2009). Social Media: The new hybrid element of the promotion ix. Business Horizons 52: 357-365. The author portrays how social networking can be an approach to accumulate data about the clients. Advanced dialogs have the profit of being smart as in they can record the clients conduct on a particular site by utilizing web systematic devices. By recording and dissecting web examination over the clients Internet conduct on the online networking weapon, it is conceivable to make a guide of the clients inclination. Abridging different experimental studies, the author suggested that social networking offers a suture of ease and free specialized arrangements.

The Subway Franchise Essay Example For Students

The Subway Franchise Essay The Subway FranchiseThe Subway story started in 1965 in Bridgeport, Connecticut during the summer of 1965. 17 year old Fred DeLuca was trying to earn enough money to pay for his college tuition by working in a hardware store. He wanted a way to add money to his minimum wage salary. He got the solution at a backyard barbecue in a conversation with a family friend, nuclear physicist Dr. Peter Buck. With a $1000 loan from Buck, DeLuca opened Petes Super Submarine on August 28, 1965. One year later, he opened his second shop so customers would see him expanding and believe that he was successful. In an effort to increase visibility to customers, he shortened the name to Subway and introduced the bright yellow logo. The first Subway franchise opened in Wallingford, Connecticut in 1974. The initial franchise fee is $10,000 for a moderate cost store. By the time you add in the $7,500 leasehold improvements, the $2.500 equipment lease security deposit, the $3,000 operating inventory, and the other costs the total investment for a moderatecost store is roughly $104,500. There is an 8% weekly royalty fee and a 2.5% weekly advertising fee. We will write a custom essay on The Subway Franchise specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The franchisee is responsible for the franchise fee, and the leasehold improvements. They also have to lease or purchase equipment, hire the employees, and do the daily operation of the store. The franchisee also has to pay the weekly advertising and royalty fees. The company provides access to proven formulas ; operational systems site evaluation. The company also provides training at headquarters in Connecticut. They give the franchisee an operations manual and provide a representative on site during opening. The company will periodically evaluate the store. They also provide marketing and advertising support. The company helps design the store and tells you what equipment you need. 94% of all franchise owners consider their Subway successful. In 1965 there was one Subway open. In 1990 there were 5,144 and in 1997 there are 13,030. 11,201 of these stores are in the U.S. and 1,203 are in Canada. There are Subway stores in over 50 countries around the world including Australia, England, Costa Rica, Japan, and South Korea. The secret behind each foot long submarine is the bread, freshly baked on the premises daily. Sub way is the first sandwich chain to bake their bread on the premises. In 1990 Subways sales exceeded 1 billion dollars and in 1997 they are expected to exceed 3 billion. Subway has some shops in many untraditional places such as convenience stores, stadiums, hospitals, airports, and truck stops. Subway has been named the #1 franchise for ten years in a row by Entrepreneur magazine.

Biological and Chemical Warfare essays

Biological and Chemical Warfare essays The use of biotechnology could send our world back to the death and despair of the dark ages. There have been efforts to have a global ban on this type of warfare, but as long as there are terrorists, this type of warfare will continue to be their primary use of these destructive chemicals. Although biological and chemical weapons are similar in some ways, they also differ. They both have extreme effects, those contaminated by them need to take precaution against disease. The information needed to manufacture biological and chemical weapons is widely known and can be obtained easily through the Internet, medical journals, or by any ordinary book from the library. Any country, even with a small pharmaceutical industry can produce biological and chemical weapons easily and cheaply. Biological agents can be produced using flasks or fomenters such as those in making beer. Strains of viruses and bacteria can be ordered through the mail from laboratory supply houses, can be cultivated in living animals, or removed from dead animals. Although chemical and biological agents are easily available, it takes knowledge and planning to turn them into destructive weapons. Chemical weapons can be used against people through acts of terrorism. Anthrax is a common weapon used by terrorists. Less that a thimbleful dispersed in the air could potentially kill hundreds of people. Terrorists use these acts or threats in attempt to accomplish their own political, religious, or other goals. Biological agents can also cause diseases through bacteria in food. In spite of possible bomb threats, polls show that Americans are more concerned about biological and chemical attacks. Biological weapons are a lot older than we think and some are centuries old. More than 20 million people died between 1918 and 1919 during an influenza epidemic that spread around the world. Since 1981 the HSU virus has infected more than 29 million and ki...

Why is child obesity on the rise Research Paper

Why is child obesity on the rise - Research Paper Example BMI is a measurement that compares a person’s weight and height. Children suffering from obesity experience medical and psychological effects. Children suffering from obesity are more likely to suffer from type II diabetes, heart diseases, sleep apnea, pancreatic complications, asthma and liver problems. Obese children may suffer from depression, low self esteem and emotional eating. Medical and psychological problems may interfere with academic progress as well as successful transition of children from childhood to adulthood. Furthermore, parents or guardians of obese children spent a lot of money to treat illness associated with obesity. It is because of the above reasons that World Health Organization has declared obesity as a public health global epidemic that must be contained. The number of children suffering from obesity in Central Valley of California is increasing. According to the research conducted by The Central Valley Health Policy Institute at California State Un iversity, obesity in the valley is higher than average obesity rates in the whole of California. The prevalence rate of children suffering from obesity in Central valley has more than tripled in the recent times. According to Rivera (2005), Central Valley has the highest percentage of overweight children at 42 percent. Increased rates of obesity in the Central Valley is attributed to higher levels of poverty, limited access to healthy food and reduced opportunities for physical activities. There are various interventions that have been made by schools, department of health and community based organization to reduce the incidence of obesity in children. The interventions include increased provision of vegetables and fruits as well as increased physical activities in children among others. These interventions must be increased in scope and intensity to be more effective to reduce psychological, medical and economic challenges that will interfere with children, parents and community at large. 2.0 Historical Context World Health Organization claimed that obesity is leading cause of preventable death as well as disability globally. Obesity is also linked with increasing number of chronic diseases. Obesity was rare before twentieth century. World Health organization recognized obesity as a global epidemic in 1997. In 2005, World Health Organization estimated that about four hundred million adults were obese. This is about 9.8 percent of the global adult population. Obesity rates increases as people get older. Obesity rates are severe with people above fifty years in the United States, Canada and Australia. However, more children are diagnosed with obesity each passing day. Obesity is a medical condition where a child accumulates excess fats in the body. Obese children are overweight with body mass index above 30. According to WHO (2004), Body Mass Index (BMI) indicate weather a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese. A child is underweight if BMI is less than 18.50, normal weight BMI is between 18.50 - 24.99, overweight BMI is 25.00 - 29.99 and obese children have BMI of 30.00 and above (refer to table 1). Obesity is a serious health issue because it causes untold suffering to the children and increases the cost of treatment. Ogden et al (20101) revealed that preschool children between two and five years suffering from obesity increased from 5 percent to 10.4 percent from 1980 to 2008.

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

None - Essay Example The product offers a fast and convenient way of making a tea latte at home or office. Therefore, marketing Ms. Latte is supposed to create a distinct perception in the customers mind that it is a product meant to save time and money. The cost of a product determines its positioning in the market. During the implementation stage, the first rollout package will be positioned among medium income earners. This is because this market segment represents the largest population. In addition, the medium income earners are likely to perceive a tea latte as a basic necessity because of their busy lifestyles and the need to spend little money on living. The rich people may afford to order a latte from Starbucks whenever they want but the medium income earners want to run a busy lifestyle, save on living cost and still be able to use modern equipment such as Ms. Latte. Therefore, Ms. Latte will be positioned as an affordable product. However, after spending time on the market, the product can be developed further and differentiated into two models, an expensive for high-income earners and a basic one for low-income earners. The overarching gap in the market of Latte products is availability of time-saving latte product. Therefore, the primary attribute we would want the customer to see in Ms. Latte is the â€Å"time saving† attribute of this product. Marketing campaigns would actually need to focus more on the time saving aspect of the product. Positioning Ms. Latte within this context will make the product appealing to busy lifestyle populations especially in large cities and towns. However, this time attribute will need to be matched with the freedom attribute as well. It is not possible to dictate in a coffee shop, the amount or type of milk, sugar or other ingredients when ordering a latte. However, with Ms. Latte it is possible to alter all the ingredients depending on personal’s tastes and preferences. This gives freedom of taste

Working in the Sport Sector Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Working in the Sport Sector - Coursework Example For that, the individual must determine his/her career goal in the beginning and strive to attain the goal through planning and implementation. Therefore, it is necessary to look upon how one can determine a career goal, develop a plan and strategies to achieve the goal and keep oneself ahead in the dynamic environment of job market. The present work discusses and exhibits the basic issues on career planning and development in detail and how one is able to develop a career plan who wish to attain a job in the sports sector. One can prepare for a career in a variety of ways. Some careers are normally entered through an apprenticeship, vocational school, or on-the-job training program. Others require either a four-year or five-year college degree. One should know the educational requirements for his chosen career; where are the appropriate schools located What are the entrance requirements How long is the training Such information can be had from the official websites of governmental and non-governmental agencies. Other helpful resources include College Souvenirs, news papers and sources such as Sports Council/Development authorities/Clubs etc. The job openings in a given field generally depend on a number of factors, especially the rate of growth or decline in the field, the need to replace workers who retire and changes in technology, societal factors. Each year a number of new jobs open up. Some of them are expected to grow faster than the average; some are expected to grow more slowly than the average. Therefore, everyone should keep in mind that his/her own career outlook involves a number of factors like the unusual opportunities available to him/her, his/her special abilities and experience, and especially his/her personal drive. Sometimes, it may be difficult to change career goals for many reasons. However, one should weigh the short-term losses with the long-term goals. If he/she realizes that a small sacrifice now may greatly increase his career satisfaction for the rest of his life, he should go for a change. In the US, roughly one worker in nine changes his or her career each year. In most cases, the positive gains far outweigh the costs involved, for there is nothing to compare with really enjoying what one does in life, and being paid for it as well. Career Development Career development is the formal way of planning one's career and its development over a period of time to attain the career goal. It involves the determination of different career moves along the career path in order to achieve the career goal. "Career development is about your individual career path - planning ahead in your career, identifying your next and future moves, working out if there are any gaps in your existing skills and experience, and finding ways to fill these so that you can achieve your career aims, but also enjoy your work and find the right balance between your life and career" (Career Development, para2) How to prepare a Career Development Plan Create a career development plan to articulate your SMART goals and plan concrete steps to achieve them. 1. Reflect on your career Reread past performance reviews, talk with your supervisor about your strengths, skills and interests and use the following questions to help you get started. Where are you in your career Are

The effects of teenage acne on the individual’ psyche

The effects of teenage acne on the individual’ psyche Adolescence, from the Latin word adolescere means to grow up. Adolescence is the period of life where teenagers will undergo puberty, which is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood that involves biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes (yan yans adolescence). During puberty, teenagers experience a rapid physical growth and psychological changes due to a surge in hormone production. Examples of the effects on puberty on teenagers are development of facial and genital hair, development of breast in girls and changes in voice in boys. The development tasks of teenagers during puberty also include developing a sense of identity and self-worth, and hence, teenage acne has a high potential to cause adverse psychological and societal effects on teenagers (5). In this essay, the focus will be on the psychological and societal impact of teenage acne developed during puberty on teenager. Acne vulgaris, also known as acne, pimple or zit, is very common in teenagers, over 90% of males and 80% of females will be affected by the age of 21 years [1](1). Teenage acne is a skin disorder results from the action of androgen, a male sex hormone released during puberty. Male sex hormone is not only found in men but also found in lesser amount in women. Therefore, both male and female teenagers have the tendency to suffer from teenage acne. The hormone causes the sebaceous gland on the skin to secrets sebum, an oily substance on skin. Sebum is then secreted onto the skin surface via the hair follicles opening. Mixture of oil and cells allows the growth of bacteria in the follicle openings. When the growth of bacteria happens, pore of skin will become clogged, inflammation may occur, and acne is developed. [2](web2) Teenage acne commonly appears on the face and the back, but it is also possible to have acne on the chest, arms, buttocks, groin and armpit area. Basically, acne can be formed at anywhere where there are the presence of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Apart from being the largest organ of the body, skin has long been recognised as the organ of expression and communication. Skin serves as the boundary between ourselves and the outside world [3](Sack, pg1). Skin can react to physiological stimuli such as rash caused by allergies and also react to psychological stimuli such as blushing when feel embarrassed [5](van moffaert pg1). Skin is like a mirror to reflects our soul. A healthy skin, like a healthy soul, is essential for individual physical and psychological well-being and self-confidence [4](2). During adolescence, teenage tend to be more concern about their appearance and the judgment of their peers. As appearance and conformity are warmly valued by teenagers, therefore when a teenager suffers from acne, they may feel socially devalued and repelled by their peers.[6](web1). Due to the fact that adolescence is a point of increase in sensitivity, where they are exuberant and want to look the best. Therefore, even mild acne will produce significant psychosocial impact to a teenager. Being in a society that emphasises greatly on appearance, teenage acne sufferers often feel uncomfortable and embarrassed (web 3). Generally, people will perceive that formation of acne is due to the lack of personal hygiene. Others tend to judge a person according to their physical appearance, this will cause harmful effects on a teenage acne sufferers self-esteem. Teenagers with acne will have lower self-esteem as they have no confidence about themselves and constantly worry about their skin (4). As teenagers are more self-conscious about their appearance, they may felt guilty and shameful as they think that they are responsible for their skin conditions. Teenagers may have a tough time socialising normally, and have trouble making eye contact as they feel ashamed of their appearance. Hence, teenagers may withdraw themselves from the society as they do not want to be judged or to be commented on their skin conditions. An example of social withdrawal is a teenage girl may be so self -conscious of her appearance that she refused to be in the family pictures during a reunion outing. (web1) A study was conducted on teenagers in New Zealand to examine the association between acne and depressive symptoms, anxiety and suicidal behaviours. The study shows that teenagers presenting with teenage acne are at increased risk of depression, anxiety and suicide attempts.(5) Further studies show that formation of acne and mental health are interrelated. Stress, depression and anxiety could increase the severity of acne. Acne condition of patient having depression improves after treatment.(5) On the other hand, acne could lead to depression and anxiety on teenagers. This is due to the negative self image, lower self-esteem and social withdrawal of teenage acne sufferers. However, it was found that girls had higher level of anxiety and depression than boys(6). This can explain that the effects of acne on the body image may be more important for teenage girls, and teenage girls are more vulnerable to the negative psychological effects of acne.(6) All these negative psychological effec ts may exert too much pressure on teenagers and leads to suicidal attempts when teenagers failed to seek treatment to cope with it. Besides psychological impact, acne also causes societal effects on teenagers. Teenage acne sufferers find themselves hard to make new friends because of their own view on their skins appearance, as they believed that most people will judge others according to their physical appearances. Moreover, lower self-esteem and being embarrassed with their skin conditions also making it hard for teenagers to make new friends. At late adolescence, teenagers tend look for or to be involved in intimate relationships. However, physical appearances are often linked to sexual attractiveness. Therefore, teenage acne sufferers will find themselves ugly and not attractive enough. As a result, teenage acne sufferers will have decrease in confidence around opposite sex. Other than the emotional effects of teenagers, teenage acne sufferers may be bullied and teased by their peers in school (4). They may be called insulting names such as bumpy face and walking human zits by others. Because of all these bul lying that happened in school, teenage ace sufferers may refused to attend school as they does not enjoy school and hated it when being bullied by others. Therefore, acne will affect teenagers education as they will be skipping school very often to avoid being bullied. As acne may also presence on teenagers body other than on the face. Teenagers may not want to participate in sports as they would feel vulnerable because they have to expose their face or their upper body where acne is presence (web 4). Sports that required them to expose some portion of body such as gym class and swimming would be a problem for teenage acne sufferers. (web1) The look they get from their peers in school makes teenagers feel so socially insecure that some of them will fake injuries to avoid going to gym class. (web 4) Teenage girls may use cosmetics such as foundations and concealer to cover up their acne problem, at the same time, gives them a slight increase in self-confidence. Even though cosmetics may spread and worsen their acne conditions, teenage girls will still prefer to use cosmetics to veil their acne when they are in contact with others or doing sports due to their low self-esteem. On the other hand, teenage boys may feel at a disadvantage compared to teen age girls as boys have no ways to conceal their acne problem. Therefore, acne will have a bigger impact on teenage boys compared to teenage girls as they are lack of the aid of cosmetics to increase their self-confidence and self-esteem. There are some tips to prevent and control acne. Do not over wash or use harsh scrubs on skin as acne is not caused by dirt. Too much cleaning can leave skin dry and irritated, which then triggers glands to produce more sebum that will increase the formation of acne. Besides, use oil-free or non-comedogenic products on face as these products will not clog the pores on skin. Lastly, do not squeeze or pick acne. Squeezing and picking acne can drive acne bacteria deeper into skin and leads to more inflammations as well as permanent scarring on skin (web2). The cruelest truth about acne is that the more you think and worry about it, the more outbreaks of acne occurs. (web5) The pursuit for flawless skin will be really exhausting for teenagers and may cause them to lose interest in their studies. Parents play an important role in supporting teenagers when they are suffering from the psychosocial effects caused by teenage acne. If parents are not supportive enough, it will be very difficult for teenagers to overcome the emotional difficulties they are facing. Parents should be thoughtful and should not blame their children for the outbreaks of acne, saying that it is their daily diet and activities that is causing their acne. Besides supporting teenagers emotionally, parents can give support by taking teenagers to a dermatologist as dermatologist can help to reduce the outbreaks of acne which will then give some peace of mind to teenagers. Besides dermatologist, a psychologist or a counsellor is helpful to counsel teenagers with psycholog ical problems and relieve them from stress and tensions. Apart from relieving stress, they are able to help teenagers to build up their self-esteem and face the world with more confidence. Generally, teenagers suffer from acne have higher sense of awareness with their bodies and appearances. This causes them to have difficulties to comply with the social standards and hence causes them to be under tremendous pressure. This pressure will leads to psychosocial effects in teenagers such as depression, a decreased sense of body image and self-esteem, sexual and relationship difficulties, and a general reduction in quality of life. (pg 6) However, teenagers should understand that having flawless skin is not a crucial thing in life and real beauty should actually come from within (web6). Therefore, teenagers should focus on living life to the fullest instead of being too concern about their appearances. 1. http://www.acnereplies.com/acne_affects_a_teenager_s_psyche.html 2. http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/teenage-acne 3. http://acne.about.com/od/livingwithacne/a/effectsofacne.htm 4. http://www.articlealley.com/article_637472_23.html 5. http://www.4acnecure.com/articles/acne-and-psychological-problems

Relationships in The Storm, The Yellow Wallpaper and Young Goodman Brow

  Because writing is inherently romantic in nature, throughout the history of literature, we see many authors' insights into the enigmatic and often ambiguous subject of love and relationships. Three short stories penned by three separate American writers deal with such matter: Charlotte Perkins Gillman in "The Yellow Wallpaper", Kate Chopin in "The Storm", and Nathaniel Hawthorne in "Young Goodman Brown." Though the relationships presented in each of these stories are unique in their own persuasion, the same underlying theme runs true in all. At first glance all of these relationships may appear healthy in their existence; however, further introspection uncovers specific maladies which I believe elicit much of the discord which arises within each of these writings. All of the husbands in the aforementioned short stories evoke, though some more subtly than others, varying degrees of conflict. Gillman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a story pertaining to, and narrated by, a women suffering from depression after the recent birth of a child. Although the name of the women in the story is never revealed, many believe this is short story is an excerpt from the author's life. Much of the setting of the story takes place in an aging mansion recently inhabited by the narrator and John, the narrator's husband. Due to her affliction and under strict instruction of her husband John, who is also a physician, the narrator is sentenced to bed rest in one of the upper rooms of the house. The walls of the room in which the narrator is forced to occupy, are enveloped with decrepit yellow wallpaper displaying an irksome pattern which, coupled with the ennui of doing nothing, works in a maleficent manner on the mental sanctity of the narrator. The ... ...horne suggests in his writing that Brown fell victim to the latter. "Often, awakening suddenly at midnight,", Hawthorne says of Goodman Brown, "he shrank from the bosom of Faith; and at morning or eventide, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned a Many, I am sure, could interpret or acquisition other sources of conflict for each of the three given stories, as could I. However, I have shown that the ultimate inception of discord must be attributed to the husbands in these stories. Though with varying degrees of distinctness, John's inability to truly understand his wife's needs in "The Yellow Wallpaper", Bobinot's apathy towards Calixta in "The Storm", and Brown's want of faith in "Young Goodman Brown", each act as the kindling used to incite the flame of conflict within these writings.   

A Borderless World Does Not Preclude the Idea of a Home

A Borderless World Does Not Preclude the Idea of a Home The speech given by Patricia Evangelista was mainly about nationalism. According to her, a borderless world does not preclude or rule out one’s idea of a home. It is about being proud and appreciating our own country and appreciating even ourselves. A â€Å"borderless world† refers to an open world which can bring influences upon people. It may bring about changes in their culture, beliefs, traditions and others. There are many reasons why people, especially Filipinos, migrate to other countries. One of them is poverty. Most Filipinos think that if they go to other countries, they will have a happy and comfortable life. Many Filipinos are working abroad instead of working in the Philippines, their own country. There are a lot of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) especially in the Middle East. There are also others serving as domestic helpers, care givers, nurses, etc. The main cause for this is probably because the salary offered in other countries is higher compared to that in the Philippines. In spite of these, there are also Filipinos who became successful in other countries that are still here in the Philippines. Some may have been famous in the field of science and sports. Others may have been popular singers and actors or actresses. I was just like the speaker when I was little. I usually imagine myself being white and blonde; similar to what I see when I watch the television. While I grow older, I slowly learned to appreciate and be contented of myself. I also learned to love and be used of the country’s traditions and beliefs. I am proud to be a Filipino, and I am a true Filipino at heart.

Interesting structure The crucible Essays

Interesting structure The crucible Essays Interesting structure The crucible Paper Interesting structure The crucible Paper Essay Topic: Interesting The crucible has a very interesting structure, as in it doesnt follow many of the usual rules of play writing and uses it to maximum effect. The play consists of four acts and no scenes to separate them. This is unusual for a play write to do because it limits the acts location two one place, meaning that the story can not develop in a different place or time which can limit what someone can do with the plot The whole of the play is a subtext for what was going on at the time in 1940s America. To more precise what was happening with the red scare and general Joseph McCarthy. General McCarthy was behind the fight against communism within America. In the end he decided to start broadcasting to America a list of communists living in America at the time. Of course no such list existed and it was obviously just the names of random people living America that had nothing to do with communism in any way what so ever. This however caused mass hysteria and turned an entire nation against itself and pitted friends and neighbours against each other as everyone hunted for the communists like a mad witch hunt. Arthur Miller was using the subtext to show how obsurd the idea of mass hysteria based on a lie really was. The main thing that distinguishes the plays structure from others is the way in which it ends on an anti climax. As we can see in the graph the first three acts build up to a gigantic climax. But then suddenly the audience is left with a very short and depressing act four in which nothing much happens in terms of climax. On might interpret this as the play wrights way of getting across his message about McCarthyism. If people were left with a happy ending the audience may not have been so shocked by the play that it would make them think because everything turned out ok in the end and wouldnt have communicated the shocking truth about McCarthyism at the time. I believe that having the play leave on an anticlimax and pretty much on a down communicates the views a lot clearer During The Crucible pace is used as a technique to creating tension. Throughout Act 1, the action is immediate and there is a constant flow of different people being introduced. By placing this within a small room, Miller gives the feeling of the characters being suffocated and a lack of privacy in the village. By using this with Act 2 (for the first half there is only Elizabeth and John), Miller is able to create tension through the amount of space in the set, in comparison to the previous act, and through a slower dialogue. During The Crucible pace is used as a technique to creating tension. Throughout Act 1, the action is immediate and there is a constant flow of different people being introduced. By placing this within a small room, Miller gives the feeling of the characters being suffocated and a lack of privacy in the village. By using this with Act 2 (for the first half there is only Elizabeth and John), Miller is able to create tension through the amount of space in the set, in comparison to the previous act, and through a slower dialogue. Miller structures the play using prevalent techniques. There is a clear exposition at the beginning of Act 1, although it occurred off scene, the girls dance in the forest. The different themes are developed and the use of the rising of action through the accusations helps the plot to grow up to a gigantic climax when John Proctor is accused at the end of Act 3. The falling action and denouement is the actual execution where John Proctor upholds his innocence and goes to the gallows at the end of Act 4. Miller uses these techniques to help create conflict to arouse the interest of the audience and an easy structure for the audience to follow. Arthur Miller uses inserted passages within the text in which he comments on the background of the story or the characters which helps the audience to get a deeper insight into the characters so they can be related to. For example, The backgrounds to Thomas Putnam makes his actions seem more horrendous which ultimately the final result of the play seem more brutal.

Infrared and Ultraviolet Light Essays

Infrared and Ultraviolet Light Essays Infrared and Ultraviolet Light Paper Infrared and Ultraviolet Light Paper Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Infrared and Ultraviolet Light Infrared Light Infrared light is a form of electromagnetic radiation whose wavelengths are longer compared to visible light. The electromagnetic spectrum exhibits a vast range of wavelengths spanning from highly energetic gamma rays and short wavelengths to low-energy radio waves and long wavelengths. The visibility of this spectrum is extremely small. Infrared light is similar to normal light only that it has a longer wavelength thus making it impossible to see with the naked eye (White 42). The range of infrared wavelengths corresponds to an approximate frequency range of 430 THz to 300GHz. It also includes the thermal radiation given off by objects at room temperature. Infrared light is absorbed or emitted by molecules whenever they alter their vibrational-rotational movements. William Herschel discovered infrared radiation in the year 1800. He was performing a study on the heating effect of different light colors. The different colors of light were produced by a passing normal light through a prism. In his study, Herschel noted that the strength of the heat increased as he progressed from the blue end to the red end of the spectrum. He presented his results in London and called the red light ‘Calorific rays’. The term ‘infrared’ was adopted later in the 19th century (Read 32). Primarily, infrared is divided into three distinct spectrums. These include far infrared, mid infrared and near infrared. The division of infrared light on this basis depends on the wavelength. However, these divisions are not precise since they vary depending on the publisher. These divisions are used to observe temperature ranges in environments such as space. They are justified by the different responses humans have on radiation. In this case, near infrared exhibits radiation with the closest wavelength. This makes it visible to the human eye. Far and mid infrared categories, lie further away from the visual spectrum. Unfortunately, there are no international standards for such specifications. The boundary separating infrared light from visible light is not defined clearly. The sensitivity of the human eye is not designed to detect light with a wavelength above 700nm (White 64). Therefore, light with longer wavelengths does not make significant contributions to scenarios illuminat ed by common sources of light. Since its discovery, infrared light has proven useful in a number of fields. For example, infrared is used to facilitate night vision. Night vision devices function by converting ambient light photons into visible light. Additionally, infrared light can also be used in determining the temperature of objects through a process known as thermography. Thermography is mainly applied in industrial and military applications (Read 64). However, this technology is making its way into the public through infrared cameras, due to the reduced cost of productions. Since all objects emit infrared radiation based on their temperatures, thermography is used to have a clear picture of the environment regardless of whether there is visible illumination or not. Infrared homing or infrared tracking refers to a missile guiding system that tracks a target using its electromagnetic spectrum. Missiles that use this infrared technology are coined the term ‘heat seekers’. Many objects such as vehicle engines, aircrafts and people produce and retain heat. This heat can then be tracked using infrared technology. Additionally, infrared radiation can be used as a source of heat. One advantage of this is that the technology is used to create infrared saunas used to treat chronic health illnesses such as arthritis, congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. This technology is also used to thaw ice on aircraft wings. Infrared radiation is also becoming popular in safe heating therapy for physiotherapy and natural health. Additionally, heat from infrared radiation can be used in cooking. Primarily, infrared heaters include three parts, a heat exchanger, infrared bulbs, and a fan for blowing air into the exchanger for heat dispersion. Indeed, the discovery of infrared radiation has led to significant breakthroughs that have benefited humanity. However, this form of electromagnetic radiation has several disadvantages. For example, when this radiation is used in certain settings such as high heat industrial locations, it becomes a health hazard to the user’s eyes thus causing damage or blindness. Another disadvantage is that it has short-range transmission compared to other forms of transmission. Other than having short-range transmission, the transmission of infrared radiation is slow compared to wired transmission. Furthermore, all infrared signals can be interrupted by foreign materials when they are in the path of the transmission. Such materials may include people and walls. Ultraviolet Light Ultraviolet light or UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength compared to visible light. However, its wavelength is longer than that of X-rays. Similar to infrared light, ultraviolet light cannot be detected by the human eye due to its long wavelength. Blunt (18) argues that this form of radiation bears increased energy compared to visible light. It is capable of breaking bonds between molecules and atoms and altering the chemical composition of materials. UV light can also cause fluorescence in certain substances. This means that it causes certain materials to emit visible light. UV light, present in sunlight, is beneficial since it kills microorganisms and acts as a source of vitamin D. Even though UV light is not visible, we are aware of it through certain effects such as sunburn or suntan. With the sun acting as a major source of UV light, the ozone layer plays a vital role in blocking most of this light (97%) that would otherwise prove harmful to organisms if it gained access into the atmosphere (Blunt 37). The 3% that penetrates the atmosphere is not particularly harmful, although it can cause cancer and long-term damage to the skin. Primarily, the sun is a source of all categories of UV light such as UV-A and UV-B. The discovery of this radiation is associated with the phenomenon that silver salts become dark when exposed to light. Johann Ritter in 1801 observed that invisible light, after the violet end of visible light, darkened paper soaked in silver chloride. Initially, he named these rays â€Å"oxidizing rays† to differentiate them from heat rays (infrared) discovered in the previous year and to emphasize chemical reactivity. The terms â€Å"heat rays† and â€Å"chemical rays† were used to describe these rays throughout the nineteenth century, but they were later dropped for infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation respectively (Read 32). UV light, UV-B in particular, benefits humans by allowing the manufacture of vitamin D. This is achieved by the conversion of skin chemicals into the sub-form of the vitamin, and then into the vitamin itself. This vitamin is beneficial to human health. Lack of this vitamin leads to immunity disorders, various cancers, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases (Blunt 76). Severe lack of this vitamin causes bone diseases referred to as rickets. Inadequate supply of sunlight is the prime cause of the vitamin’s deficiency. UV light is also used in the technology of fluorescent lamps that apply the fluorescence phenomenon (Read 81). Most fluorescent lamps use UV light as their energy source to ionize mercury vapor. A special fluorescent coating absorbs this ionized vapor to produce visible light. Zoologists and biologists use ultraviolet light to take night surveys on organisms in the field. UV light is also used as insect traps. Since insects are naturally attracted to UV light, entomologists use it to attract them for studies. UV fluorescence is also used in parties and nightclubs by causing clothing to glow and make it appealing. Astronomers also use UV light in mapping galaxies such as the Milky Way. This allows them to make out the evolution of galaxies over time. Primarily, young stars emit more ultraviolet radiation compared to older stars. They also emit UV light at a higher proportion at the furthest end of the spectrum. Regions where new stars are born, therefore, produce a brighter UV glow. Astronomers use this knowledge to identify and map such regions. Despite the numerous benefits UV radiation provides humanity, it also has disadvantages. The ability of UV light to change the chemical composition is harmful. As UV light causes minor skin irritations such as sunburn, radiation that is more energetic, can lead to premature skin aging (Blunt 97). It can also lead to alterations of the DNA that can eventually cause skin cancer. Furthermore, overexposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to produce a pigment known as melanin. Melanin is harmful to the skin and can lead to cancers such as melanoma. Blunt, Katharine. Ultraviolet Light. Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago press, 2011. Print. Read, F H. Electromagnetic Radiation. Chichester [Eng.: J. Wiley, 2010. Print. White, Laurie. Infrared Radiation. Amherst, N.Y: Amherst Media, 2009. Print.

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Merger and Acquisition Essay Example for Free

Merger and Acquisition Essay Indian Trade Unions In India the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002. As of 2008, there are 11 Central Trade Union Organizations (CTUO) recognized by the Ministry of Labour These are different recognized Central Trade organizations All India Central Council of Trade Unions All India Central Council of Trade Unions, a central trade union federation in India. AICCTU is politically attached to Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AICCTU had a membership of 639,962 in 2002. The affiliated unions of All India Central Council of Trade Unions are * All India Agrarian Labourers Association * All India Construction Workers Federation * Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Federation is a trade union of jute mill workers in West Bengal, India.[1] The union is affiliated to the All India Central Council of Trade Unions. * Bunkar Mahasabha is a trade union of weavers in Varanasi, India. Bunkar Mahasabha was formed in 2001 * Rajasthan Nirman Mazdoor Sangathan (Rajasthan Construction Workers Organization) is a trade union of construction workers in Rajasthan, India. RNMS is affiliated to All India Central Council of Trade Unions. The President of RNMS is Shrilata Swaminathan. * The Tamil Nadu Democratic Construction Labour Union is a trade union of construction workers in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. TNDCLU is affiliated with the All India Central Council of Trade Unions. TNDCLU hopes to increase its membership to 15,000 during 2005. * Indo Japan Air Services Staff Union (IJASSU) is a registered staff union of Indo Japan Air Services Private Limited (a 100% subsidiary of Japan Airlines Company Limited) under the Indian Trade Unions Act 1926 having registration no. F-10/RTU/E/06/11. Indo Japan Air Services Staff Union is affiliated to All India Central Council of Trade Unions * All India General Kamgar Union * Building Workers Union * DTC Unity Centre * Mahila Kamgar Union * Khet Mazdoor Sabha All India Trade Union Congress The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest trade union federations in India and one of the five largest. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AITUC had a membership of 2,677,979 in 2002. It was founded on 31 October 1920 in Bombay by Lala Lajpat Rai and a few others and, until 1945 when unions became organised on party lines, it was the primary trade union organisation in India. Since then it has been associated with the Communist Party of India. AITUC is governed by a body headed by National President Ramedra Kumar and General Secretary Gurudas Dasgupta, both the politician affiliated with Communist Party of India. AITUC is a founder member of the World Federation of Trade Unions. Today, its institutional records are part of the Archives at the Nehru Memorial Museum Library, at Teen Murti House, Delhi Following are the affiliated unions to the All India Trade Union Congress * Andhra Pradesh Auto Rickshaw Drivers and Workers Federation,. a trade union of auto rickshaw drivers in Andhra Pradesh, India. APARDWF is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress * Andhra Pradesh Mica Mine Workers Union A.P. Mica Mine Workers Union, a trade union of mica mine labourers in the Gudur minesfields in Andhra Pradesh, India. APMMU is affiliated to All India Trade Union Congress. APMMU claims a membership of 1200 out of a total of 7000 workers. Andhra Pradesh is one of the three leading areas where mica is mined in India. India produces roughly 62% of the worlds mica but in recent years other materials substituting mica in its main applications (such as electronics) have impacted the price and mining of mica in India. * Calcutta Hawkers Men Union is a trade union of hawkers in Kolkata. CHMU was founded in 1971. CHMU is affiliated to All India Trade Union Congress. Its membership is mainly based amongst food vendors. * Federation of Chatkal Mazdoor Unions, a trade union of jute mill workers in West Bengal, India. The union is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress. The general secretary of FCMU is Debasish Dutta * Nikhila Orissa Beedi Shramika Federation (All Orissa Beedi Workers Federation), a trade union in Orissa, India, organizing women beedi workers. NOBSF is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress. * Patiala Aviation Club Workers Union, a trade union organizing workers at the Patiala Aviation Club in Patiala, Punjab, India. PACWU is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress. The president of PACWU is Balinder Kumar Sharma. In the period of 1999-2001 PAC workers were not paid salaries for over two years, something that was highlighted by the PACWU. * Pondicherry Textile Labour Union, a trade union of textile workers in Puducherry, India. PTLU is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress. The secretary of PTLU is V.S. Abishegam. * Powerloom Workers Union, a trade union of powerloom workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. PWU is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress. The president of PWU is S. Mallesham. * Punjab Breweries Workers Union, a trade union of brewery workers in Punjab, India. PBWU is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress. The president of PBWU is gurbir singh and the general secretary Kishan Chand * Vegetable Market Workers Union, a trade union in Andhra Pradesh, India. VMWU is affiliated to the All India Trade Union Congress. The president of VMWU is Moulana. * Visakha Steel Workers Union, a trade union of steel workers at Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, in Visakhapatnam, India. VSWU is affiliated with the All India Trade Union Congress. In March 2008 VSWU, contesting union elections in coalition with the CITU-affiliated Steel Plant Employees Union, regained the union recognition at the plant. The AITUC-CITU front won 6,597 votes against 4,361 votes for the INTUC-affiliated Visakha Steel Employees Congress. All India United Trade Union Centre The All India United Trade Union Centre (AIUTUC), formerly known as United Trade Union Centre (Lanin Sarani) or UTUC-LS, is a Central Trade Union Organisation in India and the labour wing of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist). Presently its activities are spread over 19 states. The organisation claims to have 600 affiliated unions, comprising an individual membership of over two million. It is the 6th largest trade union in India. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC-LS had a membership of 1,368,535 in 200 History All India UTUC was founded at a conference held in Kolkata 26–27 April 1958, following a split in the United Trade Union Congress. Initially it used the name UTUC, but in the general media it was referred to as UTUC (Dharamtala Street) (where it had its offices) to distinguish it from the original UTUC. In 1969, at the initiative of Subodh Banerjee, West Bengal State Committee President of the organisation and PWD Minister in anti-Congress United Front Government in the state, the name of the street was changed to Lenin Sarani. Thus the new name of the organisation became UTUC (Lenin Sarani). In the 17th UTUC(LS) conference held in Delhi in 1985 the organisation was renamed as United Trade Union Centre (Lenin Sarani). In the 18th conference held in 1992 in Calcutta Lenin Sarani was un-bracketed, implying that it no longer referred to the name of the street where the office is located but became an integral part of the name of the organisation which was thereafter known as United Trade Union Centre-Lenin Sarani (UTUC-LS). The 19th all India conference of the organization held in Delhi on 27 March 2008 approved the change of name to All India United Trade Union Centre (All India UTUC) Activities The All India UTUC is functioning in both formal and informal sectors. In informal sector, the most important segment where it has been working from the very inception is agriculture. In the formal sectors All India UTUC has unions, federations and activities in basic, heavy and key industries and important service sectors like Iron and Steel, Engineering, Electricity, Coal and Non-Coal Mines, Railways, Port and Dock, Road-Transport, Banks and Financial Institutions, Insurance, Central and State Government Services. On the basis of its membership strength All India UTUC has been recognised as a Central Trade Union Organisation by the Government of India and has its representations in apex level tripartite committees as well as in International Labour Conferences (ILC) of the ILO. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Workers Union) is the largest central trade union organization in India. It was founded by Dattopantji Thengdi on July 23, 1955, which also happens to the birthday of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The BMS itself claims to have over 8.3 million members. At present it is estimated around 5860 unions are affiliated to the BMS. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, the BMS had a membership of 6,215,797 in 2002.It can also be noted that the BMS is not affiliated to any International Trade Union Confederation. History BMS was founded on 23 July 1955 – the day being the birth anniversary of Lok Manya Bal Gangadhar Tilak – veteran of Freedom Movement. Two important aspects stand out in connection with this: (a) Formation of BMS was not the result of split in the existing trade union organisations, unlike in the case of almost all other trade unions. Hence it had the formidable responsibility of building its organisational structure from the grass root level. It started from zero having no trade union, no membership, no activist (karyakarta), no office and no fund. (b) On the very first day it was visualised as a trade union whose base-sheet anchors – would be Nationalism, would work as a genuine trade union, keeping itself scrupulously away from party politics. This was also unlike other trade unions which were linked to one or the other political party, overtly or otherwise. Aims and Objective (a) To establish ultimately the Bharatiya order of society in which there shall be secured among other things: i. Complete utilisation of manpower and resources leading to full employment and maximum production. ii. Replacement of profit motive by service motive and establishment of economic democracy resulting in equitable distribution of wealth to the best advantage of all individual citizens and of the national as a whole. iii. Development of autonomous industrial communities forming part and parcel of the nation, culminating in ‘Labourisation of industry’ iv. Provision of work with living wage to every individual through maximum industrialisation of the nation. (b) With a view to enable the workers to strive successfully for the ultimate realisation of the above objects and to strengthen them, in the meanwhile, to make their own contribution to the cause of protecting and promoting their interest consistent with those of the community: v. To assist workers in organis ing themselves in trade unions as a medium of service to the motherland irrespective of faiths and political affinities. vi. To guide, direct, supervise and coordinate the activities of the affiliated unions. vii. To assist the affiliated unions in the formation of state BMS units and Industrial Federations as constituent units of the BMS and viii. To bring about unity in the trade union movement. (c) To secure and preserve for the workers: ix. The right to work, the right for security of service and for social security, the right to conduct trade union activities and the right to strike as a last resort after having exhausted other legitimate methods of trade unionism for redressal of grievances. x. Improvement in conditions of work, life and social and industrial status. xi. A living wage consistent with a national minimum and due share in the profits in their respective industries as partners. xii. Other appropriate amenities xiii. Expeditious enforcement and appropriate amendment of existing labour legislation in their interest and xiv. Enactment of new labour laws from time to time in consultation with the labour representatives. (d) To inculcate in the minds of the workers the spirit of service, cooperation and dutifulness and develop in them a sense of responsibility towards the nation in general and industry in particular (e) To educate the labour by organising worker’s training classes, study circles, guest lectures, seminars, symposia, excursions etc., in cooperation with institutions and organisations having similar aims and objects such as the Central Board of Workers Education. Labour Research Centre, Universities etc., and also to maintain libraries. (f) To publish or cause publication of journals, periodicals, pamphlets, pictures, books and many other types of literature mainly concerning labor and their interests and to purchase, sell circulate them. (g) To establish, encourage and organize Labor Research Centers and similar activities. (h) Generally to take such other steps as may be necessary to ameliorate the social, economic, cultural, civic and general conditions of the workers. For sound health of workers and society BMS has been against the use of any type of drugs, liquor, alcohol and smoking. (i) To render assistance or to establish cooperative societies, welfare institutions, clubs etc., for the overall welfare of the common man in general and the workers and their families in particular. National Labour Day India has a heritage of thousands of year where the dignity of labour as well as those of labourers was well established. The dire need of the hour is to re-establish the same the Dignity of Labour by observing our own labour day. As also, most of the Nations have their National Labour Day. National Labour Day was rediscovered to be on Vishwakarma Jayanti, Vishwakarma, being the first craftsman – artisan, sculptor, and engineer and in fact the traditional symbol of hard labour. This falls on Kanya Sankranti of each year. BMS, since its inception, has been observing Vishwakarma Jayanti – on 17 September of English Calendar Year as National Labour Day. While functioning since 1955 it has given to the labour movement new slogans benefiting its ideology: * Bharat Mata Ki Jai * We will work in the interest of the country and will take full wage for the work done (Desh ki hit me kam karenge, kam ki lenge poore dham) * The sacrifice, penance and martyrdom are identification of BMS (BMS ki kya pehchan, Tyag, Tapasya aur Balidan) * Understand the value of Capital and Labour is equal and same (Paise aur pasine ki kimmat samjo ek samaan). * Workers unite the world (Mazdooron duniya ko ek karo) * Industrialise the nation, Nationalise the Labour, Labourise the Industry (Rashtra Udyogikaran, Sharamik ka Rashtriyakaran, Udyog ka Mazdoorikaran) * Bonus to all wage earners – as deferred wage (Sabi Vetanbogiyonko der se diya hua vetan ki roop me bonus) * Stop discrimination. Income-ratio should be one and ten. (Bed-bhav bandh karo. Aay ka anupath Ek aur Dus ho) New trends in the trade union movement BMS has contributed quite a few new ideas which have virtually become trend setters. The non-political nature of BMS has now gained currency and has become acceptable not only in India but also abroad. The XII World Trade Union Congress of WFTU, held in Moscow, in 1990, adopted a document to this effect. BMS doesnt believe in class concept and rejects the class theory propounded by Marx. Instead its struggle and fight is against the injustice on workers from whatever quarters. Being non-political, its attitude towards any democratically elected government is governed by the principle of â€Å"Responsive Co-operation†. BMS idea of â€Å"Labourisation† of Industries – a stage where workers would collectively own and manage the industrial units has initiated a national debate on it. This experiment has been successfully undertaken in New Central Jute Mills, West Bengal. New Economic Policy (NEP) and New Industrial Policy (NIP) While opposing the above policies BMS was first to give slogan for 2nd war of economic independence. At the same time it has suggested some positive alternatives. It has vigorously condemned the object surrender to the conditionality of the IMF and WB as that would amount to giving up our sovereignty. BMS considers the movement as an opportunity to build up Swadeshi Model of Economy. Hence it has inspired movement for the use of Swadeshi (Indigenous) Products as against the foreign or MNC products. It has offered to cooperate in turning the loss making PSUs profitable where practicable, it has agreed to induce the workers to take up their unit to run them on sound lines. To curb excessive profiteering, which is the main culprit behind price rise; it has suggested that the Government should take steps to make the consumer aware of the cost of production of each product to daily use. This awareness will serve as a watch dog to restrain the prices. BMS is also of the view that for creating enough job opportunities, agricultural development should get more attention as also agro-based and small and tiny industries. Vishwakarma Sector (Self-employment sector) should get more encouragement than at present. On modern technology, BMS while not being antagonistic would prefer developing our own technology based on indigenous and traditional knowledge to best suit our conditions. From this angle national technology policy should be drawn. Indian National Trade Union Congress Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union wing of the Indian National Congress. It was founded May 3, 1947, and is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation Objectives of INTUC To establish an order of society which is free from hindrance in the way on an all round development of its individual members, which fosters the growth of human personality in all its aspects and goes to the utmost limit in progressively eliminating social political or economic exploitation and inequality, the profit motive in the economic activity and organization of society and the anti-social concentration in any form. To place industry under national ownership and control in suitable form in order to realize the aforesaid objectives in the quickest time. * To organize society in such a manner as to ensure full employment and the best utilization of its manpower and other resources. * To secure increasing association of the worker in the administration of industry and their full participation in its control. * To promote generally the social civic and political interest of the working class to secure an effective and complete organization of all categories of workers, including agricultural labour. * To guide and co-ordinate the activities of the affiliated organizations. * To assist and co-ordinate the activities of the affiliated organizations. * To assist in the formation of trade unions. * To promote the organization of workers of each industry on a nation-wide basis. * To assist in the formation of Regional or Pradesh Branches or Federations. * To secure speedy improvement of conditions of work and life and of the status of the workers in industry and society. * To obtain for the workers various measures of social security, including adequate provision in respect of accidents, maternity, sickness, old age and unemployment. * To secure a living wage for every worker in normal employment and to bring about a progressive improvement in the workers standard of living. * To regulate hours and other conditions of work in keeping with the conditions of the workers and to ensure the proper enforcement of legislation for the protection and up-lift of labour. * To establish just industrial relations. * To secure redressal of grievances, without stoppages of work, by means of negotiations and conciliation and failing these by arbitration or adjudication. * To take recourse to other legitimate method, including strikes or any suitable form of satyagraha, where adjudication is not applied and settlement of disputes within a reasonable time by arbitration is not available for the redress of grievances. * To make necessary arrangements for the efficient conduct satisfactory and speedy conclusion of authorized strikes or satyagraha. * To foster the spirit of solidarity, service, brotherhood co-operation and mutual help among the workers. * To develop in the workers a sense of responsibility towards the industry and community. * To raise the workers standard of efficiency and discipline.